ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Dynamic Kinetic Modeling of Manganese Tetroxide (MicroMax) Filter
Cake Dissolution under High-Pressure/High-Temperature (HPHT)
Conditions
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1
Petroleum Engineering, KFUPM
2
Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, KFUPM
Submission date: 2026-04-13
Final revision date: 2026-05-13
Acceptance date: 2026-08-22
Publication date: 2026-09-27
Journal of Undergraduate Research International 2026;2(3A):158-165
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ABSTRACT
Filter cake clean-up remains a challenging operation in drilling, largely owing to the chemical inertness and low solubility of traditional
barite-weighting agents. To address this challenge, we investigated the solubility of MicroMax as a high-density alternative
to the traditional weighting agents. The experiments focused on kinetic solubility and static filter cake removal efficiency under
High-Pressure/High-Temperature (HPHT) conditions (85 °C and 3.45 MPa). The MicroMax formulation achieved a similar
macroscopic filter cake thickness of 3.18 mm, while providing reliable wellbore pressure control, yielding a mud density of 15.0 ppg
(at a 300 g dosage) compared with that achieved by barite (13.54 ppg, at a 250 g dosage). A pure MicroMax solubility test was conducted
to establish the maximum thermodynamic solubility limit of MicroMax in 20 wt.% EDTA-K plus citric acid solution at 11
g/100 mL. During static HPHT removal testing, the traditional barite cake treated with a DTPA-K-based solution exhibited severe
kinetic resistance, plateauing at 25%–30% mass removal after 16 h of exposure. By contrast, the MicroMax/EDTA-K solution (basified
with KOH and adjusted to pH 5 using citric acid) removed 12 g out of the initial 24.9 g (48%) after 16 h of exposure, which is
equivalent to 84% of the theoretical maximum removal capacity. Finally, this study demonstrated that replacing barite with Micro-
Max maintains critical drilling fluid properties while fundamentally resolving filter cake removal challenges through highly efficient
chelation. Consequently, this MicroMax/EDTA system offers operators a field-ready solution to reduce non-productive rig time
and minimize formation damage.