The interaction between fine particles is widespread in nature and plays a crucial role in regulating various interfaces for minerals. In coal preparation wastewater treatment, the intricate mechanism of interaction between multi-component fine particles in coal slurry water (denoted as CSW) is a fundamental aspect in addressing the challenges of coal slurry water agglomeration, selective separation, and difficult dewatering. This paper presents a summary of the necessity, current research status, and progress in studying the microscopic interaction between mineral particles in CSW systems. It overviews theoretical calculation formulas for particle-particle interaction, factors that influence such interaction, and modern analysis techniques for studying microscopic particle interaction. These findings enhance and refine relevant theories, establish a theoretical foundation, and offer technical support for stabilizing and optimizing the performance of CSW systems. Additionally, it elucidates the mechanism of particle-particle interaction in CSW, which is of significant importance in achieving efficient separation of CSW.